75.080 (Petroleum products in general) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D323-15 高电离电压质谱法气油芳烃馏分芳烃类型分析的标准试验方法

5.1 Vapor pressure is an important physical property of volatile liquids. This test method is used to determine the vapor pressure at 37.88201;°C (1008201;°F) of petroleum products and crude oils with initial boiling point above 08201;°C (328201;°F). 5.2 Vapor pressure is critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock with high operating temperatures or high altitudes. Maximum vapor pressure limits for gasoline are legally mandated in some areas as a measure of air pollution control. 5.3 Vapor pressure of crude oils is of importance to the crude producer and the refiner for general handling and initial refinery treatment. 5.4 Vapor pressure is also used as an indirect measure of the evaporation rate of volatile petroleum solvents. 1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of vapor pressure (see Note 1) of gasoline, volatile crude oil, and other volatile petroleum products. 1.2 Procedure A is applicable to gasoline and other petroleum products with a vapor pressure of less than 1808201;kPa (268201;psi). 1.3 Procedure B may also be applicable to these other materials, but only gasoline was included in the interlaboratory test program to determine the precision of this test method. 1.4 Procedure C is for materials with a vapor pressure of greater than 180 kPa (26 psi). 1.5 Procedure D for aviation gasoline with a vapor pressure of approximately 50 kPa (7 psi). Note 1: Because the external atmospheric pressure is counteracted by the atmospheric pressure initially present in the vapor chamber, the Reid vapor pressure is an absolute pressure at 37.88201;°C (1008201;°F) in kilopascals (pounds-force per square inch). The Reid vapor pressure differs from the true vapor pressure of the sample due to some small sample vaporization and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space. 1.6 This test method is not applicable to liquefied petroleum gases or fuels containing oxygenated compounds other than methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). For determination of the vapor pressure of liquefied petroleum gases, refer to Test Method D1267 or Test Method D6897. For determination of the vapor pressure of gasoline-oxygenate blends, refer to Test Method D4953. The precision for crude oil has not been determined since the early 1950s (see Note 3). Test Method D6377 has been approved as a method for determination of vapor pressure of crude oil. IP 481 is a tes......

Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)

ASTM D5304-15 通过氧气过压评估中间馏分燃料储存稳定性的标准测试方法

5.1 The results of this test method are useful in ranking a specific fuel sample against other specific fuel samples or standards when tested under identical conditions. Specific fuel samples containing dispersant additives, such as dispersant-containing stability additives, have shown inaccurate ranking against fuel samples that do not contain dispersant additives using this test method.3 This test method is not meant to relate a specific fuel to specific field handling and storage conditions. The formation of insolubles is affected by the material present in the storage container and by the ambient conditions. Since this test method is conducted in glass under standardized conditions, the results from different fuels can be compared on a common basis. 1.1 This test method covers a procedure for assessing the potential storage stability of middle distillate fuels such as Grade No. 1D and Grade No. 2D diesel fuels, in accordance with Specification D975. 1.2 This test method is applicable to either freshly refined fuels or fuels already in storage. 1.3 This test method is suitable for fuels containing stabilizer additives as well as fuels containing no such additives. However, fuels additized with dispersant additives, including dispersant-containing stability additives, may be ranked inaccurately using this test method compared to fuels that are not additized with dispersant additives. 1.4 Appendix X1 provides information on other suggested test times and temperatures for which this test method may be used. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 4.1, 6.2, 6.3, and 7.4.

Standard Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure

ASTM D4530-15 碳残留测定标准试验方法（微量法）

5.1 The carbon residue value of the various petroleum materials serves as an approximation of the tendency of the material to form carbonaceous type deposits under degradation conditions similar to those used in the test method, and can be useful as a guide in manufacture of certain stocks. However, care needs to be exercised in interpreting the results. 5.2 This test method offers advantages of better control of test conditions, smaller samples, and less operator attention compared to Test Method D189, to which it is equivalent. 5.3 Up to twelve samples may be run simultaneously, including a control sample when the vial holder shown in Fig. 1 is used exclusively for sample analysis. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of carbon residue (see Note 1) formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of petroleum materials under certain conditions and is intended to provide some indication of the relative coke forming tendency of such materials. 1.2 The test results are equivalent to the Conradson Carbon Residue test (see Test Method D189). Note 1: This procedure is a modification of the original method and apparatus for carbon residue of petroleum materials, where it has been demonstrated that thermogravimetry is another applicable technique.2 However, it is the responsibility of the operator to establish operating conditions to obtain equivalent results when using thermogravimetry. 1.3 This test method is applicable to petroleum products that partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure and was tested for carbon residue values of 0.108201;% to 308201;% (m/m). Samples expected to be below 0.10 weight8201;% (m/m) residue should be distilled to remove 908201;% (V/V) of the flask charge (see Section 9). The 108201;% bottoms remaining is then tested for carbon residue by this test method. 1.4 Ash-forming constituents, as defined by Test Method D482, or non-volatile additives present in the sample will add to the carbon residue value and be included as part of the total carbon residue value reported. 1.5 Also in diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates, such as amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate, causes a higher carbon residue value than observed in untreated fuel, which may lead to erroneous conclusions as to the coke-forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in the fuel may be detected by Test Method D4046. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue (Micro Method)

ASTM D1552-15 石油产品（高温法）硫含量的标准测试方法

4.1 This test method provides a means of monitoring the sulfur level of various petroleum products and additives. This knowledge can be used to predict performance, handling, or processing properties. In some cases the presence of sulfur compounds is beneficial to the product and monitoring the depletion of sulfur can provide useful information. In other cases the presence of sulfur compounds is detrimental to the processing or use of the product. 1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of total sulfur in petroleum products including lubricating oils containing additives, and in additive concentrates. This test method is applicable to samples boiling above 1778201;°C (3508201;°F) and containing a mass fraction of sulfur not less than 0.068201;%. This procedure uses IR detection following pyrolysis in a resistance furnace. 1.2 Petroleum coke containing up to 8 mass8201;% sulfur can be analyzed. Note 1: The D1552–08 (2014) version of this standard contained two other procedures using iodate titrations. Since these procedures are no longer being used in the industry laboratories based on a survey of D02.SC 3 laboratories conducted in September 2014, they are being deleted. For earlier information on the deleted procedures, D1552–08 (2014) may be perused. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by High Temperature Combustion and IR Detection

ASTM D524-15 硅酸盐水泥混凝土和地沥青接头加热和制冷接缝密封胶衬垫材料的标准规范

5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form deposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners. Similarly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present, provided the test is performed on the base fuel without additive) the carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approximately with combustion chamber deposits. 5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits a motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to the presence of additives in many oils. For example, an ash-forming detergent additive can increase the carbon residue value of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to form deposits. 5.3 The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guide in the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residue values of crude oil residuum, cylinder and bright stocks, are useful in the manufacture of lubricants. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, and it is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensity. This test method is generally applicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. This test method also covers the determination of carbon residue on 108201;% (V/V) distillation residues (see Section 10). Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as determined by Test Method D482, will have an erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount of ash formed (Notes 2 and 3). Note 1: The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method to designate the carbonaceous residue formed during evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage. Note 2: Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D189, or Test Method D4530. Approximate correlations have been derived (see Fig. X2.1) but need not apply to all materials which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applicable to a wide variety of petroleum products. The Ramsbottom Carbon Residue test method is limited to those samples that are mobile below 908201;°C. Note 3: In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl nitrate, he......

Standard Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products

ASTM D323-15a 高电离电压质谱法气油芳烃馏分芳烃类型分析的标准试验方法

5.1 Vapor pressure is an important physical property of volatile liquids. This test method is used to determine the vapor pressure at 37.88201;°C (1008201;°F) of petroleum products and crude oils with initial boiling point above 08201;°C (328201;°F). 5.2 Vapor pressure is critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock with high operating temperatures or high altitudes. Maximum vapor pressure limits for gasoline are legally mandated in some areas as a measure of air pollution control. 5.3 Vapor pressure of crude oils is of importance to the crude producer and the refiner for general handling and initial refinery treatment. 5.4 Vapor pressure is also used as an indirect measure of the evaporation rate of volatile petroleum solvents. 1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of vapor pressure (see Note 1) of gasoline, volatile crude oil, and other volatile petroleum products. 1.2 Procedure A is applicable to gasoline and other petroleum products with a vapor pressure of less than 1808201;kPa (268201;psi). 1.3 Procedure B may also be applicable to these other materials, but only gasoline was included in the interlaboratory test program to determine the precision of this test method. 1.4 Procedure C is for materials with a vapor pressure of greater than 180 kPa (26 psi). 1.5 Procedure D for aviation gasoline with a vapor pressure of approximately 50 kPa (7 psi). Note 1: Because the external atmospheric pressure is counteracted by the atmospheric pressure initially present in the vapor chamber, the Reid vapor pressure is an absolute pressure at 37.88201;°C (1008201;°F) in kilopascals (pounds-force per square inch). The Reid vapor pressure differs from the true vapor pressure of the sample due to some small sample vaporization and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space. 1.6 This test method is not applicable to liquefied petroleum gases or fuels containing oxygenated compounds other than methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). For determination of the vapor pressure of liquefied petroleum gases, refer to Test Method D1267 or Test Method D6897. For determination of the vapor pressure of gasoline-oxygenate blends, refer to Test Method D4953. The precision for crude oil has not been determined since the early 1950s (see Note 3). Test Method D6377 has been approved as a method for determination of vapor pressure of crude oil. IP 481 is a tes......

Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)

ASTM D2501-14 计算石油粘度-重力常数(VGC)的标准试验方法

4.1 The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful function for the approximate characterization of the viscous fractions of petroleum.2 It is relatively insensitive to molecular weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in terms of certain structural elements. Values of VGC near 0.800 indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils, asphaltic materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of nonhydrocarbons. 1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils2 having viscosities in excess of 5.5 mm2/s at 40°C (104°F) and in excess of 0.8 mm2/s at 100°C (212°F). 1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3.1 The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm2/s. 1.3.2 Exception—Fahrenheit temperature units are used in this practice because they are accepted by industry for the type of legacy conversions described in this practice. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant 40;VGC41; of Petroleum Oils

ASTM D3427-14 石油空气释放性能的标准试验方法

5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic system performance or failure. 5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.28201;% volume under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high. 1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.Note 1—This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to petroleum oils. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils

ASTM D5384-14 已使用过的石油制品中氯含量的标准试验方法(现场试验工具法)

4.1 Chlorinated compounds can lead to corrosion of equipment and poisoning of the catalyst. Chlorinated compounds also present a health hazard when incompletely combusted. Chlorine content of petroleum products is determined prior to their being recycled. Note 1: Federal Regulations mandate that often the chlorine content of used oil must be determined before recycling. EPA regulation 40 CFR 261 bars the sale of used oil for fuel if it is contaminated with halogens measured as chlorine at levels exceeding 1000 mg/kg. Such oil is considered to be a hazardous waste unless it can be proven that the chlorine content is inorganic or that the halogenated organics are not hazardous constituents. The cost of disposing of a hazardous waste is many times higher than the cost of used oil disposal. Therefore it is critical for users, generators, haulers, reprocessors, and collectors to test the material they handle in order to comply with regulations, maintain safe operations, and avoid high disposal costs. 4.2 These test methods can be used to determine when a used petroleum product meets or exceeds requirements for total halogens measured as chloride. It is specifically designed for used oils, permitting on-site testing at remote locations by nontechnical personnel to avoid the delays of laboratory testing. 1.1 These test methods cover the determination of chlorine in used oils, fuels, and related materials, including: crankcase, hydraulic, diesel, lubricating and fuel oils, and kerosene, all containing lt;258201;% (mass/mass) water. 1.1.1 If the sample contains greater than 25 % water, the sodium metal reacts preferentially with the water rather than with the halogenated organics in the oil. 1.1.2 Bromide and iodide are also titrated and reported on a molar basis as chlorine. The method does not detect fluorine because AgF remains in the solution during the titration, while AgI, AgBr, and AgCl precipitate out and can therefore be detected. 1.1.3 Some of the chlorinated organic compounds that have been shown to be detectable by this method include trichloroethane, dichloroethane, trichlorobenzene, monochlorobenzene, chlorooctadecane, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, Freon, and polychlorinated biphenyls. These nine compounds represent the major classes of chlorinated compounds that are found in used oils. 1.2 The entire analytical sequence, including sampling, sample pretreatment, chemical reactions, extraction, and quantification, is available in kit form using predispensed and encapsulated reagents. The overall objective is to provide a simple, easy to use procedure, permitting nontechnical personnel to perform a test in or outside of the laboratory environment in under 10 min. The test method also gives information to run the test without a kit. 1.2.1 Test Method A is preset to provide a greater than or less than result at 1000 mg/kg (ppm) total chlorine to meet regulatory requirements for used oils.

Standard Test Methods for Chlorine in Used Petroleum Products 40;Field Test Kit Method41;

ASTM D7346-14 石油产品不流动点和倾点的标准试验方法

5.1 The no flow point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for some applications. Flow characteristics, such as no flow point, can be critical for the proper operation of lubricating systems, fuel systems, and pipeline operations. 5.2 Petroleum blending operations require precise measurement of the no flow point. 5.3 This test method can determine the temperature of the test specimen with a resolution of 0.18201;°C at which either crystals have formed or viscosity has increased sufficiently, or both, to impede flow of the petroleum product. 5.4 The pour point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Flow characteristics, like pour point, can be critical for the correct operation of lubricating oil systems, fuel systems, and pipeline operations. 5.5 Petroleum blending operations require precise measurement of the pour point. 5.6 Pour point results from this test method can be reported at either 18201;°C or 38201;°C intervals. 5.7 This test method yields a pour point in a format similar to Test Method D97/IP15 when the 38201;°C interval results are reported. 5.8 This test method has better repeatability and reproducibility relative to Test Method D97/IP15 as measured in the 2011 interlaboratory test program (see 13.1.2). 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the no flow point temperature and pour point of petroleum products using an automatic instrument. 1.2 The measuring range of the apparatus is from –958201;°C to 458201;°C, however the precision statements were derived only from samples with no flow point temperatures from –778201;°C to +28201;°C and samples with pour point in the temperature range of –588201;°C to +128201;°C. 1.3 Pour point results from this test method can be reported at 18201;°C or 38201;°C intervals. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for No Flow Point and Pour Point of Petroleum Products

ASTM D2502-14 根据粘度测量估算石油平均相对分子质量的标准试验方法

4.1 This test method provides a means of calculating the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from another physical measurement. 4.2 Mean relative molecular mass is a fundamental physical constant that can be used in conjunction with other physical properties to characterize hydrocarbon mixtures. 1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from kinematic viscosity measurements at 1008201;°F and 2108201;°F (37.788201;°C and 98.898201;°C).2 It is applicable to samples with mean relative molecular masses in the range from 250 to 700 and is intended for use with average petroleum fractions. It should not be applied indiscriminately to oils that represent extremes of composition or possess an exceptionally narrow mean relative molecular mass range. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Molecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measurements

ASTM D5949-14 石油产品倾点40;自动压力脉冲法41的自动标准试验方法

5.1 The pour point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Flow characteristics, like pour point, can be critical for the correct operation of lubricating oil systems, fuel systems, and pipeline operations. 5.2 Petroleum blending operations require precise measurement of the pour point. 5.3 In most cases, this test method does not require the use of mechanical refrigeration apparatus (see 7.1). 5.4 This test method yields a pour point in a format similar to Test Method D97/IP8201;15 when the 38201;°C interval results are reported.Note 2—Since some users may wish to report their results in a format similar to Test Method D97 (in 38201;°C intervals) the precisions were derived from the temperatures rounded to the 3° intervals. For statements on bias relative to Test Method D97, see 13.3. 5.5 Test results from this test method can be determined at either 18201;°C or 38201;°C intervals. 5.6 This test method has better repeatability and reproducibility relative to Test Method D97/IP8201;15 as measured in the 1992 and 1998 interlaboratory test programs.4 1.1 This test method covers the determination of pour point of petroleum products by an automatic instrument that applies a controlled burst of nitrogen gas onto the specimen surface while the specimen is being cooled and detects movement of the surface of the test specimen with an optical device. 1.2 This test method is designed to cover the range of temperatures from8201;−578201;°C to8201;+518201;°C. However, the range of temperatures included in the 1992 interlaboratory test program only covered the temperature range from 8201;−398201;°C to8201;+68201;°C and the range of temperatures included in the 1998 interlaboratory test program was from −518201;°C to −118201;°C. (see 13.4). 1.3 Test results from this test method can be determined at 18201;°C or 38201;°C testing intervals. 1.4 This test method is not intended for use with crude oils.Note 1—The applicability of this test method or residual fuel samples has not been verified. For further information on applicability, refer to 13.4. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products 40;Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method41;

ASTM D5950-14 石油产品倾点40;自动倾斜法41的标准试验方法

5.1 The pour point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Flow characteristics, like pour point, can be critical for the correct operation of lubricating oil systems, fuel systems, and pipeline operations. 5.2 Petroleum blending operations require precise measurement of the pour point. 5.3 This test method can determine the pour point of the test specimen with a resolution of 1.08201;°C. 5.4 Test results from this test method can be determined at either 18201;°C or 38201;°C intervals. 5.5 This test method yields a pour point in a format similar to Test Method D97/IP15 when the 38201;°C interval results are reported.Note 3—Since some users may wish to report their results in a format similar to Test Method D97 (in 38201;°C intervals) the precisions were derived for the temperatures rounded to the 38201;°C intervals. For statements on bias relative to Test Method D97, see 13.3. 5.6 This test method has better repeatability and reproducibility relative to Test Method D97/IP15 as measured in the 1998 interlaboratory test program. (See Section 13.) 1.1 This test method covers the determination of pour point of petroleum products by an automatic instrument that tilts the test jar during cooling and detects movement of the surface of the test specimen with an optical device. 1.2 This test method is designed to cover the range of temperatures from −668201;°C to +518201;°C; however, the range of temperatures included in the 1992 interlaboratory test program only covered the temperature range from −398201;°C to +68201;°C, and the range of temperatures included in the 1998 interlaboratory test program was −518201;°C to −118201;°C. (See Section 13.) 1.3 Test results from this test method can be determined at 18201;°C or 38201;°C intervals. 1.4 This test method is not intended for use with crude oils.Note 1—The applicability of this test method on residual fuel samples has not been verified. For further information on applicability, refer to 13.4. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products 40;Automatic Tilt Method41;

ASTM D1160-13 石油产品减压蒸馏标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is used for the determination of the distillation characteristics of petroleum products, biodiesel, and fractions that may decompose if distilled at atmospheric pressure. This boiling range, obtained at conditions designed to obtain approximately one theoretical plate fractionation, can be used in engineering calculations to design distillation equipment, to prepare appropriate blends for industrial purposes, to determine compliance with regulatory rules, to determine the suitability of the product as feed to a refining process, or for a host of other purposes. 5.2 The boiling range is directly related to viscosity, vapor pressure, heating value, average molecular weight, and many other chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Any of these properties can be the determining factor in the suitability of the product in its intended application. 5.3 Petroleum product specifications often include distillation limits based on data by this test method. 5.4 Many engineering design correlations have been developed on data by this test method. These correlative methods are used extensively in current engineering practice. 1.1 This test method covers the determination, at reduced pressures, of the range of boiling points for petroleum products and biodiesel that can be partially or completely vaporized at a maximum liquid temperature of 400°C. Both a manual method and an automatic method are specified. 1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee test method is the manual test method at a mutually agreed upon pressure. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.4, 6.1.8.1, 10.11, and A3.2.1.

Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Reduced Pressure

ASTM D482-13 石油产品灰分的标准试验方法

4.1 Knowledge of the amount of ash-forming material present in a product can provide information as to whether or not the product is suitable for use in a given application. Ash can result from oil or water-soluble metallic compounds or from extraneous solids such as dirt and rust. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash in the range 0.001–0.180 mass %, from distillate and residual fuels, gas turbine fuels, crude oils, lubricating oils, waxes, and other petroleum products, in which any ash-forming materials present are normally considered to be undesirable impurities or contaminants (Note 1). The test method is limited to petroleum products which are free from added ash-forming additives, including certain phosphorus compounds (Note 2). Note 1—In certain types of samples, all of the ash-forming metals are not retained quantitatively in the ash. This is particularly true of distillate oils, which require a special ash procedure in order to retain metals quantitatively.Note 2—This test method is not intended for the analysis of unused lubricating oils containing additives; for such samples use Test Method D874. Neither is it intended for the analysis of lubricating oils containing lead nor for used engine crankcase oils. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. The preferred expression of the property is mass %. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products

ASTM D5191-13 石油产品蒸气压力的标准试验方法(小型法)

5.1 Vapor pressure is a very important physical property of volatile liquids. 5.2 The vapor pressure of gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends is regulated by various government agencies. 5.3 Specifications for volatile petroleum products generally include vapor pressure limits to ensure products of suitable volatility performance. 5.4 This test method is more precise than Test Method D4953, uses a small sample size (18201;mL to 10 mL), and requires about 7 min to complete the test. 1.1 This test method covers the use of automated vapor pressure instruments to determine the total vapor pressure exerted in vacuum by air-containing, volatile, liquid petroleum products, including automotive spark-ignition fuels with or without oxygenates (see Note 1). This test method is suitable for testing samples with boiling points above 08201;°C (328201;°F) that exert a vapor pressure between 78201;kPa and 130 kPa (1.08201;psi and 18.68201;psi) at 37.88201;°C (1008201;°F) at a vapor-to-liquid ratio of 4:1. Measurements are made on liquid sample sizes in the range from 18201;mL to 10 mL. No account is made for dissolved water in the sample. Note 1—An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11 different laboratories submitting 15 data sets and 15 different samples of ethanol-fuel blends containing 25 volume %, 50 volume %, and 75 volume % ethanol. The results indicated that the repeatability limits of these samples are with in the published repeatability of this test method. on this basis, it can be concluded that D5191 is applicable to ethanol-fuel blends such as Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) and other ethanol-fuel blends with greater than 10 v% ethanol. See ASTM RR: D02–1694 filed with ASTM for supporting data.2Note 2—Samples can also be tested at other vapor-to-liquid ratios, temperatures, and pressures, but the precision and bias statements need not apply.Note 3—The interlaboratory studies conducted in 1988, 1991, and 2003 to determine the precision statements in Test Method D5191 did not include any crude oil in the sample sets. Test Method D6377, as well as IP 481, have been shown to be suitable for vapor pressure measurements of crude oils. 1.1.1 Some gasoline-oxygenate blends may show a haze when cooled to 08201;°C to 18201;°C. If a haze is observed in 8.5, it shall be indicated in the reporting of results. The precision and bias statements for hazy samples have not been determined (see Note 15). 1.2 This test method is suitable for calculation of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends by means of a correlation equation (see Eq 1 in 14.2). The calculated DVPE very closely approximates the dry vapor pressure that would be obtained on the same material when tested by Test Method D4953. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for information only.

Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)

ASTM D2887-13 利用气相色谱法测定石油馏分沸点范围分布的标准试验方法

5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties. 5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160. 5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538°C (1000°F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5°C (100°F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.Note 1—Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8°F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another. 1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6-14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 to 60 min. 1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15-......

Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

ASTM D6708-13 测量某种材料相同性能的两种试验方法之间预期一致性的统计评估和改进的标准实施规程

5.1 This practice can be used to determine if a constant, proportional, or linear bias correction can improve the degree of agreement between two methods that purport to measure the same property of a material. 5.2 The bias correction developed in this practice can be applied to a single result (X) obtained from one test method (method X) to obtain a predicted result ( Y^) for the other test method (method Y).Note 6—Users are cautioned to ensure that Y^ is within the scope of method Y before its use. 5.3 The between methods reproducibility established by this practice can be used to construct an interval around Y^ that would contain the result of test method Y, if it were conducted, with about 958201;% confidence. 5.4 This practice can be used to guide commercial agreements and product disposition decisions involving test methods that have been evaluated relative to each other in accordance with this practice. 1.1 This practice covers statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two standard test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement. It is intended for use with results collected from an interlaboratory study meeting the requirement of Practice D6300 or equivalent (for example, ISO8201;4259). The interlaboratory study must be conducted on at least ten materials that span the intersecting scopes of the test methods, and results must be obtained from at least six laboratories using each method. 1.2 The statistical methodology is based on the premise that a bias correction will not be needed. In the absence of strong statistical evidence that a bias correction would result in better agreement between the two methods, a bias correction is not made. If a bias correction is required, then the parsimony principle is followed whereby a simple correction is to be favored over a more complex one.Note 1—Failure to adhere to the parsimony principle generally results in models ......

Standard Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material

ASTM D129-13 石油产品硫含量的标准试验方法(一般高压分解装置方法)

1.1 This test method covers the determination of sulfur in petroleum products, including lubricating oils containing additives, additive concentrates, and lubricating greases that cannot be burned completely in a wick lamp. The test method is applicable to any petroleum product sufficiently low in volatility that it can be weighed accurately in an open sample boat and containing at least 0.18201;% sulfur. Note 1—This test method is not applicable to samples containing elements that give residues, other than barium sulfate, which are insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and would interfere in the precipitation step. These interfering elements include iron, aluminum, calcium, silicon, and lead which are sometimes present in greases, lube oil additives, or additive oils. Other acid insoluble materials that interfere are silica, molybdenum disulfide, asbestos, mica, and so forth. The test method is not applicable to used oils containing wear metals, and lead or silicates from contamination. Samples that are excluded can be analyzed by Test Method D1552. 1.2 This test method is applicable to samples with the sulfur in the range 0.09 to 5.5 mass8201;%. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)

ASTM D2421-13 C5和轻质烃类气体体积、液体体积或重量基准的分析互变现象用标准操作规程

3.1 For custody transfer and other purposes, it is frequently necessary to convert a component analysis of light hydrocarbon mixture from one basis (either gas volume, liquid volume, or mass) to another. 3.2 The component distribution data of light hydrocarbon mixtures can be used to calculate physical properties such as relative density, vapor-pressure, and calorific value. Consistent and accurate conversion data are extremely important when calculating vapor, liquid, or mass equivalence. 1.1 This practice describes the procedure for the interconversion of the analysis of C5 and lighter hydrocarbon mixtures to gas-volume (mole), liquid-volume, or mass basis. 1.2 The computation procedures described assume that gas-volume percentages have already been corrected for nonideality of the components as a part of the analytical process by which they have been obtained. These are numerically the same as mole percentages. 1.3 The procedure assumes the absence of nonadditivity corrections for mixtures of the pure liquid compounds. This is approximately true only for mixtures of hydrocarbons of the same number of carbon atoms, and in the absence of diolefins and acetylenic compounds. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Interconversion of Analysis of C5 and Lighter Hydrocarbons to Gas-Volume, Liquid-Volume, or Mass Basis